/* Penn visual system. Editorial content and research media stay in their original source files. */
:root {
  --penn-blue: #011f5b;
  --penn-red: #990000;
  --ink: #172539;
  --muted: #566171;
  --line: #dce1e8;
  --paper: #f5f6f8;
  --white: #fff;
}
html {
  scroll-behavior: smooth;
}
body {
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
  color: var(--ink);
  font-size: 17px;
  line-height: 1.75;
  background: #fff;
}
::selection {
  background: var(--penn-blue);
  color: #fff;
}
a {
  color:var(--site-heading);
}
a:focus-visible,
button:focus-visible {
  outline: 3px solid var(--penn-red);
  outline-offset: 5px;
}
img,
video {
  max-width: 100%;
}
.container {
  width: calc(100% - 96px);
  max-width: 1280px !important;
}
.section {
  padding: 5rem 0 6rem;
}
.content {
  font-size: 1.0625rem;
  line-height: 1.8;
}
.content p {
  margin-bottom: 1.4em;
}
.content strong {
  color: var(--ink);
}
.content a:not(.button):not(:has(.card)):not(.overview-tile) {
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-underline-offset: 4px;
  text-decoration-color: #a7b0c1;
  text-decoration-thickness: 1px;
}
.content a:hover {
  color:var(--site-hover);
  text-decoration-color: var(--penn-red);
}
/* Quiet white identity bar, with an unmistakably Penn navigation band. */
.navbar.is-primary {
  background: #fff;
  border-top: 5px solid var(--penn-red);
  border-bottom: 0;
  padding: 0;
  box-shadow: none;
  position: relative;
  z-index: 20;
}
.navbar > .container {
  display: block;
  max-width: none !important;
  width: 100%;
}
.navbar-brand {
  width: calc(100% - 96px);
  max-width: 1280px;
  margin: auto !important;
  min-height: 83px;
  align-items: center;
}
.navbar-logo {
  padding: 0;
  gap: 18px;
  min-height: 74px;
}
.navbar-logo-image {
  width: 45px !important;
  height: 45px !important;
  max-height: none !important;
  object-fit: contain;
}
.navbar-logo-text {
  font-weight: 650;
  font-size: 20px;
  letter-spacing: -0.025em;
  color:var(--site-heading);
}
.navbar.is-primary a.navbar-logo:hover {
  box-shadow: none;
  color:var(--site-heading);
}
.navbar-menu {
  background: var(--penn-blue);
  box-shadow: none;
  padding: 0;
}
.navbar-start {
  max-width: 1280px;
  width: calc(100% - 96px);
  margin: auto;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 4px;
}
.navbar.is-primary .navbar-start > .navbar-item,
.navbar.is-primary .navbar-start > .navbar-item > a {
  color: #fff;
  font-size: 15px;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.01em;
  min-height: 54px;
  padding: 0 16px;
}
.navbar.is-primary .navbar-start > .navbar-item:first-child {
  padding-left: 0;
}
.navbar.is-primary .navbar-start > .navbar-item:last-child {
  padding-right: 0;
}
.navbar.is-primary .navbar-item.is-active,
.navbar.is-primary .navbar-item:hover {
  background: transparent;
  color: #fff;
  box-shadow: inset 0 -4px 0 var(--penn-red);
}
.navbar-dropdown {
  border: 0;
  border-radius: 0;
  background: #fff;
}
.navbar.is-primary .navbar-dropdown .navbar-item {
  color:var(--site-heading);
  padding: 12px 22px;
  font-size: 15px;
}
.navbar-burger {
  border: 0;
  background: transparent;
  color:var(--site-heading);
  width: 52px;
  height: 52px;
}
.navbar-burger:hover {
  background: var(--paper);
}
/* The source video remains the hero image. Penn blue provides a consistent scrim. */
.hero.is-primary,
.hero.is-primary.is-bold {
  background: var(--penn-blue);
  background-image: none;
  border-bottom: 5px solid var(--penn-red);
}
.hero .hero-body,
.hero.is-small .hero-body {
  padding: 4.3rem 0 4.6rem;
}
.hero.is-medium .hero-body {
  padding: 6rem 0 6.3rem;
}
.hero--scrim:before {
  background: linear-gradient(
    90deg,
    rgba(1, 31, 91, 0.96) 0%,
    rgba(1, 31, 91, 0.8) 48%,
    rgba(1, 31, 91, 0.4) 100%
  );
}
.hero-video video {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  min-width: 0;
  min-height: 0;
  inset: 0;
  transform: none;
  object-fit: cover;
}
.hero .title {
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
  font-weight: 650 !important;
  letter-spacing: -0.035em;
  line-height: 1.12 !important;
  font-size: clamp(34px, 3.6vw, 54px) !important;
  text-shadow: none !important;
  max-width: 1050px;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}
.hero .subtitle {
  font-size: 20px !important;
  line-height: 1.55;
  font-weight: 400;
  max-width: 850px;
  text-shadow: none !important;
  margin-top: 1.5rem !important;
  color: #fff;
}
.hero .hero-title-wordmark {
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
  font-size: clamp(80px, 8vw, 112px);
  font-weight: 800;
  line-height: 1;
  letter-spacing: 0.005em;
  -webkit-text-stroke: 1.4px #dce9ff;
  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
  text-shadow: none;
  filter: none;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
}
.hero .hero-title-sub {
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
  font-size: clamp(20px, 2.1vw, 27px);
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 1.35;
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
  color: #fff;
  text-shadow: none;
}
.hero .accent,
.hero .secondary-accent {
  color: #fff !important;
}
.hero .secondary-accent {
  color: #ffb8a8 !important;
  border-bottom: 0;
  padding-bottom: 0;
  font-weight: 650;
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-decoration-color: #ffb8a8;
  text-decoration-thickness: 2px;
  text-underline-offset: 0.2em;
  text-decoration-skip-ink: none;
}
.hero-home-layout { display:grid; grid-template-columns:240px minmax(0,680px); gap:36px; align-items:center; }
.hero-home-logo { display:block; position:relative; z-index:2; width:240px; height:240px; overflow:hidden; mix-blend-mode:screen; }
.hero-home-logo img { position:absolute; top:50%; left:50%; height:100%; width:auto; max-width:none; transform:translate(-50%,-50%); filter:contrast(1.25); }
.hero-home-copy, .hero-home-copy > * { position:relative; z-index:2; }
.hero--home .hero-home-copy .title { max-width:650px; font-size:clamp(38px,4.5vw,60px)!important; font-weight:650!important; margin-bottom:0; text-wrap:balance; }
.hero--home .subtitle {
  max-width: 670px;
  font-size: clamp(23px, 2.5vw, 32px) !important;
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 1.5;
  letter-spacing: -0.025em;
  margin: 24px 0 16px !important;
  text-wrap: balance;
}
.hero--home .hero-mission-emphasis { display:inline-block; white-space:nowrap; background:var(--penn-red); color:#fff; font-weight:750; padding:.05em .23em .1em; border-radius:3px; text-decoration:none; border:0; }
.hero--home .hero-body { z-index:auto; padding: 4rem 0 4.25rem !important; }
.hero--home .hero-body .button.is-info.is-large { margin-top: 14px; border-radius: 4px; }
.hero-body .button.is-info.is-large {
  background: var(--penn-red);
  color: #fff;
  border: 1px solid var(--penn-red);
  border-radius: 0;
  font-size: 16px;
  height: 50px;
  padding: 0 28px;
  margin-top: 16px;
  font-weight: 600;
}
.hero-body .button.is-info.is-large:hover {
  background: #fff;
  color:var(--site-heading);
  border-color: #fff;
}
.page-title-banner {
  height: auto;
}
.page-title-banner__ghost {
  display: none;
}
.page-title-banner__text {
  position: static;
  transform: none;
  white-space: normal;
  font: inherit;
  color: #fff;
}
.hero .title:has(.page-title-banner) {
  margin: 0;
}
/* Typographic hierarchy replaces boxed section headings. */
.content h1,
.content h2,
.content h3,
.content h4 {
  color:var(--site-heading);
  line-height: 1.25;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: -0.025em;
  background: transparent;
  padding: 0;
  box-shadow: none;
}
.content h1,
.content h2 {
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
  font-weight: 650;
}
.content h1 {
  font-size: 42px;
  margin: 2.4em 0 0.9em;
}
.content h2 {
  font-size: 34px;
  margin: 2em 0 0.8em;
}
.content h3 {
  font-size: 23px;
  margin: 1.75em 0 0.7em;
  font-weight: 650;
}
.content h4 {
  font-size: 19px;
  font-weight: 650;
}
.content > h1:first-child,
.content > h2:first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}
.content > h1:before,
.content > h2:before {
  content: "";
  display: block;
  width: 42px;
  height: 3px;
  background: var(--penn-red);
  margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.content blockquote {
  background: var(--paper);
  border-left: 3px solid var(--penn-red);
  padding: 24px 30px;
  color:var(--site-heading);
}
.content hr {
  background: var(--line);
  height: 1px;
  margin: 3rem 0;
}
.content table {
  font-size: 15px;
}
.content table th {
  background: var(--penn-blue);
  color: #fff;
  padding: 14px;
}
.content table td {
  padding: 14px;
  border-color: var(--line);
}
.content pre {
  background: var(--paper);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
}
.button.is-primary,
.button.is-link,
.button.is-info {
  background: var(--penn-blue);
  color: #fff;
  border-radius: 0;
}
.button.is-primary:hover,
.button.is-link:hover {
  background: var(--penn-red);
  color: #fff;
}
.tag.is-primary {
  background: var(--penn-blue);
  color: #fff;
}
/* Preserve the six original destinations and illustrations in compact tiles. */
.overview-tile {
  height: 110px;
  max-width: none;
  aspect-ratio: auto;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  align-items: center;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 0;
  background: #fff;
  box-shadow: none;
  transition:
    border-color 0.2s,
    transform 0.2s;
}
.overview-tile__image-wrapper {
  position: relative;
  width: 110px;
  height: 100%;
  flex: 0 0 110px;
  overflow: hidden;
}
.overview-tile__image {
  object-fit: contain;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  opacity: 1;
}
.overview-tile__label {
  position: relative;
  inset: auto;
  background: transparent !important;
  color:var(--site-heading);
  font-size: 21px;
  font-weight: 600;
  min-height: 0;
  height: auto;
  flex: 1;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
  text-align: left;
  padding: 15px 22px 15px 8px;
  line-height: 1.25;
}
.overview-tile:hover {
  border-color: var(--penn-blue);
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: none;
}
.content > .columns:has(.overview-tile) {
  margin-top: 2.5rem;
  margin-bottom: 5rem;
}
/* Research and people cards: readable titles, complete abstracts, calmer borders. */
.card {
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 0;
  box-shadow: none;
  transition:
    transform 0.2s,
    box-shadow 0.2s;
  overflow: hidden;
  height: 100%;
}
.card:hover {
  border-color: #bdc7d8;
  box-shadow: 0 14px 36px rgba(1, 31, 91, 0.08);
  transform: translateY(-3px);
}
.card-stripe--blue,
.card-stripe--coral {
  height: 3px;
  flex-basis: 3px;
  background: var(--penn-red);
}
.card-content {
  padding: 28px 24px;
}
.card-title-box {
  height: auto;
  min-height: 75px;
  display: block;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
  overflow: visible;
}
.card-title-box .title,
.card .card-content .title {
  color:var(--site-heading);
  font-size: 20px !important;
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: 1.35;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  display: block;
  overflow: visible;
  -webkit-line-clamp: unset;
  margin: 0;
}
.card-description-box {
  height: auto;
  min-height: 94px;
  overflow: visible;
  display: block;
}
.card-description-box p {
  font-size: 15px !important;
  color: var(--muted);
  line-height: 1.65;
  display: block;
  overflow: visible;
  -webkit-line-clamp: unset;
  margin: 0 !important;
}
.card-footer {
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: var(--paper);
}
.card-footer-item {
  font-size: 12px;
  color: var(--muted);
  padding: 13px 24px;
  justify-content: flex-start;
  font-weight: 500;
}
.card-header {
  background: var(--paper) !important;
  border-bottom: 0 !important;
}
.card-header-title {
  color:var(--site-heading) !important;
  line-height: 1.4;
}
.card img {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
}
.video-thumb {
  height: 200px;
}
.column > a:has(.card) {
  display: block;
  height: 100%;
  text-decoration: none !important;
}
.content .card a {
  text-decoration: none !important;
}
.member-card,
.team-member-card {
  border-radius: 0 !important;
  box-shadow: none !important;
}
.content figure {
  margin: 2.5rem 0;
}
.content figure img {
  max-height: 680px;
  object-fit: contain;
}
.content figcaption {
  font-size: 14px;
  line-height: 1.65;
  color: var(--muted);
  margin-top: 14px;
}
.MathJax_Display,
.MathJax {
  max-width: 100%;
  overflow-x: auto;
  overflow-y: hidden;
}
.linkedin-scroll {
  max-width: 100%;
  padding: 1rem 0 2rem;
  scrollbar-color: var(--penn-blue) var(--paper);
}
.linkedin-scroll iframe {
  border: 1px solid var(--line) !important;
  border-radius: 0 !important;
}
/* Footer identities sit directly on Penn blue. */
footer.footer {
  background: var(--penn-blue);
  border-top: 5px solid var(--penn-red);
  color: #fff;
  padding: 4rem 0;
}
.footer-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 48px;
}
.footer-xlab {
  width: auto;
  height: 110px;
  display: block;
}
.footer-penn {
  width: 280px;
  height: auto;
  display: block;
  margin-left: auto;
}
.footer-social {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 14px;
}
.footer-social .button {
  width: 48px;
  height: 48px;
  padding: 0;
  background: transparent;
  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4);
  color: #fff;
  border-radius: 50%;
}
.footer-social .button:hover {
  background: #fff;
  color:var(--site-heading);
  border-color: #fff;
}
body:has(.hero--home) #main-content > .content > #about-us { float:none; width:auto; margin:0 0 20px; }
body:has(.hero--home) #about-us + p { margin-left:0; max-width:1080px; font-size:18px; line-height:1.85; }
@media (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 641px) {
  .hero-home-layout { grid-template-columns:180px minmax(0,1fr); gap:28px; }
  .hero-home-logo { width:180px; height:190px; }
}
@media (min-width: 1024px) {
  .column.is-3-desktop:has(> .card),
  .column.is-3-desktop:has(> a > .card) {
    width: 33.3333%;
  }
}
@media (max-width: 1023px) {
  .container,
  .navbar-brand {
    width: calc(100% - 48px);
  }
  .navbar-brand {
    min-height: 76px;
  }
  .navbar-logo-text {
    font-size: 17px;
  }
  .navbar-logo-image {
    width: 38px !important;
    height: 38px !important;
  }
  .navbar-start {
    width: 100%;
    display: block;
  }
  .navbar.is-primary .navbar-start > .navbar-item,
  .navbar.is-primary .navbar-start > .navbar-item:first-child,
  .navbar.is-primary .navbar-start > .navbar-item:last-child {
    padding: 14px 26px;
    min-height: 48px;
  }
  .navbar.is-primary .navbar-start > .has-dropdown {
    padding: 0;
  }
  .navbar.is-primary .navbar-start > .has-dropdown > a {
    padding: 14px 26px;
  }
  .navbar-dropdown {
    display: none;
  }
  .navbar-item.has-dropdown:focus-within .navbar-dropdown {
    display: block;
  }
  .hero.is-medium .hero-body {
    padding: 5rem 0;
  }
  .section {
    padding: 3.5rem 0 4rem;
  }
  .overview-tile__image-wrapper {
    width: 72px;
    flex-basis: 72px;
  }
  .overview-tile__label {
    font-size: 17px;
    padding-right: 14px;
  }
  .footer-grid {
    gap: 25px;
  }
  .footer-penn {
    width: 240px;
  }
  .footer-xlab {
    width: auto;
    height: 100px;
  }
}
@media (max-width: 640px) {
  body {
    font-size: 16px;
  }
  .container,
  .navbar-brand {
    width: calc(100% - 40px);
  }
  .navbar-logo {
    gap: 10px;
    flex: 1;
    min-width: 0;
  }
  .navbar-logo-text {
    white-space: normal;
    font-size: 15px;
    line-height: 1.35;
    max-width: 240px;
  }
  .navbar-logo-image {
    width: 36px !important;
    height: 36px !important;
  }
  .navbar-burger {
    flex-shrink: 0;
    margin-right: -8px;
  }
  .hero .hero-body,
  .hero.is-small .hero-body {
    padding: 3rem 0;
  }
  .hero.is-medium .hero-body {
    padding: 4rem 0;
  }
  .hero .title {
    font-size: 36px !important;
    overflow-wrap: anywhere;
  }
  .hero .hero-title-wordmark {
    font-size: 80px;
  }
  .hero .hero-title-sub {
    font-size: 20px;
  }
  .hero .subtitle {
    font-size: 17px !important;
  }
  .hero-home-layout { grid-template-columns:120px minmax(0,1fr); gap:18px 14px; }
  .hero-home-logo { width:120px; height:130px; }
  .hero-home-copy { display:contents; }
  .hero--home .hero-home-copy .title { grid-column:2; grid-row:1; font-size:clamp(23px,6.5vw,34px)!important; overflow-wrap:normal; text-wrap:initial; }
  .hero--home .subtitle { grid-column:1/-1; font-size:24px!important; margin:0!important; }
  .hero--home .hero-body .button.is-info.is-large { grid-column:1/-1; justify-self:start; margin-top:4px; }
  .hero--home .hero-body { padding: 2.5rem 0 2.75rem !important; }
  body:has(.hero--home) #about-us + p { font-size:16px; line-height:1.8; }
  .hero--scrim:before {
    background: rgba(1, 31, 91, 0.82);
  }
  .content {
    font-size: 16px;
    line-height: 1.8;
  }
  .content h1 {
    font-size: 32px;
  }
  .content h2 {
    font-size: 28px;
  }
  .content h3 {
    font-size: 21px;
  }
  .content > .columns:has(.overview-tile) {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
    gap: 12px;
    margin: 32px 0 56px;
  }
  .content > .columns:has(.overview-tile) > .column {
    padding: 0;
    width: auto;
  }
  .overview-tile {
    height: auto;
    min-height: 132px;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: stretch;
  }
  .overview-tile__image-wrapper {
    height: 64px;
    width: 90px;
    flex: 0 0 64px;
    margin: 4px auto 0;
  }
  .overview-tile__label {
    padding: 8px 12px 17px;
    font-size: 16px;
  }
  .overview-tile__label:after {
    font-size: 18px;
    margin-left: 5px;
  }
  .card-title-box,
  .card-description-box {
    min-height: 0;
  }
  .card-content {
    padding: 24px;
  }
  .footer-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
    gap: 28px;
  }
  .footer-xlab {
    width: auto;
    height: 90px;
  }
  .footer-penn {
    width: 185px;
  }
  .footer-social {
    grid-column: 1/-1;
    grid-row: 2;
    justify-content: center;
  }
  .footer {
    padding: 3rem 0 !important;
  }
  .content table {
    display: block;
    overflow-x: auto;
    max-width: 100%;
    font-size: 14px;
  }
  .content blockquote {
    padding: 20px;
  }
  .columns {
    min-width: 0;
  }
  .column {
    min-width: 0;
  }
  .linkedin-scroll iframe {
    max-width: calc(100vw - 40px);
  }
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  html {
    scroll-behavior: auto;
  }
  *,
  *:before,
  *:after {
    animation: none !important;
    transition: none !important;
  }
  .hero-video video {
    display: none;
  }
  .hero-video {
    background: var(--penn-blue);
  }
}
/* Review pass 2: the inherited theme hid the entire video hero on small screens. */
.hero.hero-video {
  display: flex;
}
.navbar.is-primary .navbar-burger span {
  background: var(--penn-blue);
  left: 15px;
  width: 22px;
  height: 2px;
  bottom: auto;
  transform: none;
}
.navbar-burger span:nth-child(1) {
  top: 18px;
}
.navbar-burger span:nth-child(2) {
  top: 25px;
}
.navbar-burger span:nth-child(3) {
  top: 32px;
}
.navbar-burger.is-active span:nth-child(1) {
  top: 25px;
  transform: rotate(45deg);
}
.navbar-burger.is-active span:nth-child(2) {
  opacity: 0;
}
.navbar-burger.is-active span:nth-child(3) {
  top: 25px;
  transform: rotate(-45deg);
  opacity: 1;
}
.card .title + .subtitle {
  margin-top: 12px !important;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  line-height: 1.5;
  color: var(--muted);
}
.team-card .card-content {
  padding: 20px 16px;
}
.team-card .card-content .title {
  font-size: 18px !important;
}
.team-card .subtitle {
  font-size: 14px !important;
}
.content > .columns:has(.overview-tile) {
  scroll-margin-top: 30px;
}
.content h1,
.content h2,
footer.footer {
  scroll-margin-top: 30px;
}

/* Shared design for the interactive roadmap, whose older styles are inline. */
body .author-line a,
body .thrust-label,
body .thrust h2,
body .bio h3,
body details.refs summary {
  color:var(--site-heading);
}
body .thrust-label .letter {
  background: var(--penn-blue);
  border-radius: 0;
}
body .thrust h3 {
  border-color: var(--penn-red);
  color:var(--site-heading);
}
body .more-links a {
  color:var(--site-heading);
  border-color: var(--line);
  background: var(--paper);
  border-radius: 0;
}
body .more-links a:hover {
  background: var(--penn-blue);
  border-color: var(--penn-blue);
  color: #fff;
}
body .rr-stop.is-active .rr-dot {
  background: var(--penn-blue);
  border-color: var(--penn-blue);
  box-shadow: none;
}
body .rr-stop:hover .rr-dot {
  color:var(--site-hover);
  border-color: var(--penn-red);
}
body .rr-rail {
  background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--penn-red), var(--penn-blue));
}
body .rr-ground {
  background: var(--paper);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  box-shadow: none;
  border-radius: 0;
}
body .bio {
  border-color: var(--penn-red);
  border-radius: 0;
  background: var(--paper);
}
body details.refs {
  border-radius: 0;
  background: var(--paper);
}
body .thrust figure img {
  border-radius: 0;
  box-shadow: none;
  object-fit: contain;
}
body .roadmap-body.section {
  padding: 0;
}
.roadmap-body > .container {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 1000px !important;
}
.card > div[style*="height: 200px"] > img {
  object-fit: contain !important;
  padding: 10px;
  background: #fff;
}
/* These six identical lab images decorate navigation rather than research. */
.overview-tile__image-wrapper {
  display: none;
}
.overview-tile {
  height: 94px;
  min-height: 94px;
}
.overview-tile__label {
  padding: 22px 26px;
}
.content > .columns:has(.overview-tile) {
  padding-top: 12px;
}
@media (max-width: 640px) {
  .overview-tile {
    height: 80px;
    min-height: 80px;
  }
  .overview-tile__label {
    padding: 16px;
    font-size: 16px;
  }
  .overview-tile__label:after {
    font-size: 18px;
  }
}
.navbar > .container .navbar-menu {
  margin: 0;
}
.section main > h1,
.section main > h2 {
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
  color:var(--site-heading);
  font-size: 34px !important;
  font-weight: 650;
  letter-spacing: -0.025em;
  line-height: 1.25;
  margin: 3rem 0 2rem;
}
.section main > h1:first-child,
.section main > h2:first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}
.card .card-image img {
  border-radius: 0;
}
@media (max-width: 640px) {
  .section main > h1,
  .section main > h2 {
    font-size: 29px !important;
    margin: 2.5rem 0 1.5rem;
  }
}

/* Review round 3: page-specific layouts, with source copy and media preserved. */
.hero:not(.hero-video) .hero-body,
.hero:not(.hero-video).is-small .hero-body { padding: 3.1rem 0 3.3rem; }
.hero:not(.hero-video) .title { font-size: clamp(36px, 3.7vw, 54px) !important; }
.hero .subtitle:empty { display:none; }
.hero.is-primary { border-bottom-width: 3px; }
.section { padding-top: 3.5rem; }
.research-card { border: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
.research-card:hover { transform: none; box-shadow: none; }
.research-card .card-title-box { min-height: 0; margin-bottom: 16px; }
.research-card .card-description-box { min-height: 0; }
.research-card .card-footer { background: transparent; border: 0; }
.research-card .card-stripe--blue { height: 2px; flex-basis: 2px; }
.research-card .card-content { padding: 24px 0 12px; }
.research-card .card-footer-item { padding: 14px 0 24px; }
.research-index > .columns { display:block; margin:0; }
.research-index > .columns > .column.is-3-desktop { width:100% !important; padding:0; }
.research-index .research-card {
  display:grid !important;
  grid-template-columns: 35% minmax(0,1fr);
  grid-template-rows:auto auto;
  column-gap:48px;
  padding: 32px 0;
}
.research-index .research-card > :first-child {
  grid-column:1; grid-row:1 / 3;
  height:240px !important;
  background:var(--paper);
}
.research-index .research-card .video-thumb img { object-fit:contain; background:var(--paper); }
.research-index .research-card .card-stripe--blue { display:none; }
.research-index .research-card .card-content { grid-column:2; padding:14px 0 0; }
.research-index .research-card .card-title-box .title { font-size:28px !important; font-weight:550; }
.research-index .research-card .card-description-box p { font-size:17px !important; line-height:1.7; }
.research-index .research-card .card-footer { grid-column:2; align-self:end; }
.research-index .research-card .card-footer-item { padding:16px 0 8px; }
.research-index .research-card > div[style*="height: 200px"] > img { background:var(--paper); padding:18px; }
.research-index .column:first-child .research-card { padding-top:0; }
.team-directory > h1 {
  font: 650 30px/1.3 var(--font-sans) !important;
  color:var(--site-heading); letter-spacing:-.02em;
  margin:56px 0 24px; padding-bottom:16px;
  border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);
}
.team-directory > h1:first-of-type { margin-top:0; }
.team-directory > br { display:none; }
.team-directory > .columns { margin:-12px; }
.team-directory > .columns > .column.is-12:empty { display:none; }
.team-directory .card { border:0; background:transparent; overflow:visible; }
.team-directory .card:hover { transform:none; box-shadow:none; }
.team-directory .card-image { overflow:hidden; background:var(--paper); }
.team-directory .team-card .card-image img { aspect-ratio:1/1; height:auto; object-fit:cover; object-position:50% 25%; }
.team-directory .team-card .card-content { padding:18px 0 24px; }
.team-directory .card .title { font-size:19px !important; }
.team-directory > .columns:first-of-type > .column.is-12 { display:none; }
.team-directory > .columns:first-of-type > .column:has(.card) { width:100%; }
.team-directory > .columns:first-of-type .card { display:flex; flex-direction:row; justify-content:flex-start; align-items:center; gap:40px; padding:0 0 16px; }
.team-directory > .columns:first-of-type .card-image { width:220px; flex:0 0 220px; }
.team-directory > .columns:first-of-type .card-image img { width:220px; height:240px; object-fit:cover; object-position:50% 25%; }
.team-directory > .columns:first-of-type .card-content { padding:0; }
.team-directory > .columns:first-of-type .card .title { font:650 32px/1.3 var(--font-sans) !important; }
.team-directory .card-stripe--coral { display:none; }
.page-project .hero .hero-body { padding:4rem 0; }
.page-project #main-content > .content { max-width:840px; }
.page-project #main-content > .content > p,
.page-project #main-content > .content > ul,
.page-project #main-content > .content > ol { max-width:76ch; }
.page-project .content h2 { font-size:32px; margin-top:2.1em; }
.page-project .content > h2::before { width:32px; height:2px; margin-bottom:16px; }
.page-project .section > .container > .columns { column-gap:36px; flex-wrap:nowrap; }
.page-project #main-content { flex:1; width:auto; min-width:0; }
.page-project #main-content + .column { width:270px; flex:0 0 270px; }
.page-project #main-content + .column .card-content { padding:18px 0 8px; }
.page-project #main-content + .column .title { font-size:18px !important; }
.page-project #main-content + .column .card-title-box { min-height:0; }
.page-project #main-content + .column .card-description-box p { font-size:14px !important; }
.content .bibliography { display:block; padding:0; margin:0; list-style:none; }
.content .bibliography > li { padding:24px 0; margin:0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); }
.content .bibliography .csl-content { padding-left:0; }
.content .bibliography .csl-block,
.content .bibliography .csl-title,
.content .bibliography .csl-author,
.content .bibliography .csl-event,
.content .bibliography .csl-venue { font-size:17px; line-height:1.7; }
.content .bibliography .csl-title { color:var(--site-heading); }
.content .bibliography button,
.content .bibliography input[type="button"] {
  font:500 12px/1.4 Inter,Arial,sans-serif;
  padding:6px 12px; margin:12px 5px 0 0 !important;
  border:1px solid var(--line); border-radius:0;
  background:#fff; color:var(--site-heading); cursor:pointer;
}
.content .bibliography button:hover,
.content .bibliography input[type="button"]:hover { background:var(--penn-blue); color:white; }
@media(min-width:1024px) {
  .team-directory .column.is-one-fifth-desktop { width:25%; }
}
@media(max-width:1023px) {
  .research-index .research-card { column-gap:28px; }
  .research-index .research-card .card-title-box .title { font-size:24px !important; }
  .page-project .section > .container > .columns { flex-wrap:wrap; }
  .page-project #main-content { flex:0 0 100%; }
  .page-project #main-content + .column { width:100%; flex:0 0 100%; }
}
@media(max-width:640px) {
  .hero:not(.hero-video) .hero-body,
  .hero:not(.hero-video).is-small .hero-body { padding:2.5rem 0; }
  .research-index .research-card { display:flex !important; padding:24px 0; }
  .research-index .research-card > :first-child { width:100%; height:210px !important; }
  .research-index .research-card .card-content { padding-top:22px; }
  .research-index .research-card .card-description-box p { font-size:16px !important; }
  .team-directory > h1 { font-size:28px !important; margin-top:40px; }
  .team-directory .column.is-one-fifth-desktop { width:50%; flex:0 0 50%; }
  .team-directory > .columns { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; }
  .team-directory > .columns:first-of-type .card { gap:22px; }
  .team-directory > .columns:first-of-type .card-image { width:120px; flex-basis:120px; }
  .team-directory > .columns:first-of-type .card-image img { width:120px; height:150px; }
  .team-directory > .columns:first-of-type .card .title { font-size:26px !important; }
  .team-directory .team-card .title { font-size:16px !important; }
  .team-directory .team-card .subtitle { font-size:13px !important; }
  .page-project .hero .hero-body { padding:3rem 0; }
}

/* Second visual pass: align reading and sidebar starts, and soften related posts. */
.page-project #main-content > .content > h2:first-child { margin-top:0; }
.page-project #main-content + .column { padding-top:12px; }
.page-project #main-content + .column .card { border:0; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); }
.page-project #main-content + .column .card-stripe--blue { display:none; }
.page-project #main-content + .column .card .title { font-size:16px !important; line-height:1.5; }
.page-project #main-content + .column .card-description-box { min-height:0; }
.page-project #main-content + .column .card-footer { background:transparent; }
.team-directory > h1 { scroll-margin-top:32px; }

.content .bibliography .csl-content { margin-left:12px; max-width:calc(100% - 42px); }

@media (min-width:1024px) and (max-width:1360px) {
  .navbar.is-primary .navbar-start > .navbar-item {
    font-size:14px; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;
  }
  .navbar-start { gap:0; }
}

@media (max-width: 360px) {
  .hero-home-layout { grid-template-columns:90px minmax(0,1fr); }
  .hero-home-logo { width:90px; height:100px; }
}